Sudan was known in its ancient history by several names, such as Tasiti, Tanhsu and Ethiopia, but one of the most famous of them
The most comprehensive of them is the name Kush (KUSH). The name Sudan emerged in the Middle Ages, as it was initially given to all the regions extending south of the Sahara Desert from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. In the nineteenth century, the name of Sudan was confined to the current borders of Sudan, especially during the period of foreign (Turkish-Egyptian) rule of Sudan, and after the end of the foreign control phase, the name of the Republic of Sudan became the official internationally recognized name according to its current political borders.
The state of Kush and its stages:
The First State of Kush (Kingdom of Kerma 2500 BC - 1500 BC):
The Kingdom of Kerma was able, thanks to its optimal economic conditions and strategic location, to unify the group of the neighboring sheikhdoms in a more complex political-social organization that eventually led to the emergence of the city state, as the archaeological monuments of the remains of the kingdom’s capital indicate in the ancient city of Kerma in northern Sudan. It seems that the political situation that deteriorated in Egypt during the middle of the third millennium BC helped in the emergence of the vine of a state with its presence among the regional political forces in the ancient Near East and Africa. Routes of trade exchange between North and Central Africa.
The Second State of Kush (Kingdoms of Napata and Meroe 910 BC - 325 AD):
The period of the second state of Kush (the kingdoms of Napata and Meroe 910 BC - 325 AD) represents an advanced stage of the Sudanese political entity, which rose to prominence in the state of Kerma with the model of the royal state, which in its first phase took Napata around the sacred Jebel Barkal as its capital and in this region The archaeological sites belonging to this kingdom are spread from palaces, temples, royal tombs, pyramids and ancestral rooms of the kings and queens of this kingdom. In its second phase, which was known as the Kingdom of Meroe, Meroe became its new capital in the north-central Sudan at the Begrawiya area, where the palaces, temples and pyramids are scattered in this area. Its control over the Nile Valley to the Mediterranean Sea in the north and parts of the Levant in the eastern Mediterranean and in the south to the Al-Kawwa area south of Khartoum. It also included large parts of eastern and western Sudan. The multiculturalism and ethnicity of this country is a miniature mirror of today's Sudan.
Sudan after the collapse of the state of Kush in the middle of the fourth century AD:
After the collapse of the second state of Kush (the kingdoms of Napata and Meroe) in the middle of the fourth century AD, Sudan entered a period of political turmoil that lasted for more than two centuries, during which the decade of the central state was broken.
Sudanese Christian kingdoms (Nobatia - Makuria - Alwa 543 AD - 1504 AD):
There were three Christian kingdoms in Sudan (the Kingdom of Nobatia, Makuria and Alwa) starting from the middle of the sixth century AD. Most of its powers were concentrated on the Nile strip from the far north of Sudan to the south of central Sudan, with its extensions in the eastern and western regions of Sudan. Later, the Kingdom of Nobatia merged into the Kingdom of Makuria and was able to These kingdoms extended their political and spiritual authority over the ancient Sudan for nearly a thousand years, until they fell with the influx of Arab groups and the advance of Islamic armies under the rule of the Wilayat of Egypt over the country of Sudan. The alliance of the Abdalab Sheikhs and the Funj Sheikhs managed to eliminate the Christian kingdoms at the beginning of the sixteenth century AD. And the formation of the Islamic Kingdom of Sennar. Which established the establishment of the state of Sudan in modern history.
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